Adaptive swarm robotics could revolutionize smart agriculture

Texas A&M University System researchers are working to establish a configurable, adaptive and scalable swarm system consisting of unmanned ground and aerial robots designed to assist in collaborative smart agriculture tasks.

The use of adaptive swarm robotics has the potential to provide significant environmental and economic benefits to smart agriculture efforts globally through the implementation of autonomous ground and aerial technologies.

“Agricultural robots, when used properly, can improve product quantity and quality while lowering the cost,” said Kiju Lee, associate professor and Charlotte and Walter Buchanan Faculty Fellow in the Department of Engineering Technology and Industrial Distribution and the J. Mike Walker ’66 Department of Mechanical Engineering at Texas A&M.

A swarm robotics project is being led jointly by Lee, Muthukumar Bagavathiannan, Ph.D., Texas A&M AgriLife Research weed scientist in the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Department of Soil and Crop Sciences; and Juan Landivar, Ph.D., center director at the Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center at Corpus Christi.

Other investigators on the team include John Cason, Ph.D., AgriLife Research peanut breeder, Stephenville; Robert Hardin, Ph.D., agricultural engineering assistant professor, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering; Luis Tedeschi, Ph.D., AgriLife Research ruminant nutritionist, Department of Animal Science; Dugan Um, Ph.D., associate professor, Texas A&M-Corpus Christi Department of Mechanical Engineering; and Mahendra Bhandari, Ph.D., AgriLife Research crop physiologist, Corpus Christi.

Funding is being provided by the U.S. Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture through the National Robotics Initiative 3.0 program.

Configurable, adaptive and scalable swarm

The entire multidisciplinary group is working to establish a configurable, adaptive and scalable swarm, CASS, system consisting of unmanned ground and aerial robots designed to assist in collaborative smart agriculture tasks.

“We will develop the technical and theoretical groundwork for the deployable, scalable swarm system consisting of a physical robotic swarm of both ground and aerial robots, a digital twin simulator for low- and high-fidelity simulations, and an easy-to-use user interface for farmers to put this CASS system into use,” Lee said.

This approach to smart agriculture, enabled by the CASS technology, could result in long-term benefits thanks to reduced waste through better logistics, optimal use of water and fertilizer and an overall reduction in the use of pesticides.

The research team believes that by utilizing smaller machines to reduce soil compaction and working to avoid herbicide-resistant weeds through nonchemical methods of control, significant ecological and environmental benefits can be achieved.

Recent trends in smart agriculture focused on the usage of large machinery have had the objective of maximizing product quantity and minimizing costs — an approach that has resulted in some economic and environmental concerns.

Lee said issues including soil compaction, a limited ability to address small-scale field variability and reduced crop productivity are some of the long-term issues that have emerged from this approach.

CASS offers flexibility in addressing challenges

By leveraging the flexibility of swarm robotics, the CASS system is intended to become a platform technology that can be configured to meet application-specific needs.

“Current trends in precision agriculture and smart farming mostly focus on larger machinery or a single or a small number of robots equipped and programmed to perform highly specialized tasks,” Lee said. “This project will serve as a critical pathway toward our long-term goal of establishing a deployable easy-to-use swarm robotic system that can serve as a universal platform for broad agriculture applications.”

Although other systems employing swarm robotics exist, they are typically designed to perform just one specific task rather than being adaptable to a variety of situations.

Moving forward, the team will have the opportunity to address several challenges related to the complex and varying scale of agriculture applications through the design and implementation of their system.

“Despite the great potential, swarm robotics research itself has been largely confined to low-fidelity simulations and laboratory experiments,” Lee said. “These rarely represent the intricacies of an agricultural field environment. Also, human-swarm collaboration has not been extensively explored, and user-in-the-loop development and evaluation approaches are needed, in particular for the target end-users — in our case, farmers.”