Nutrient management for profitable soybean production in US

Nutrient management is an important component for maximizing net income from raising soybeans. Soybean yields and net income can be reduced when essential nutrients are not available at the time or in the quantities required by the crop. However, net income is also reduced when applied nutrients fail to produce yield increases large enough to offset their costs. The following nutrient management recommendations by Michigan State University Extension will help retailers maximize their farmer's soybean income.

 

Soil pH

 

While soybeans can tolerate a wide range of soil pH levels (6.0 to 7.0), the ideal pH for soybean production is between 6.3 and 6.5 to maximize biological nitrogen fixation and nutrient availability. Soil pH levels above 6.5 have been shown to reduce manganese availability and increase soybean cyst nematode populations.

 

Starter fertilizer 

 

Starter fertilizers (2x2 and in-furrow) have produced mixed results in SMaRT (Soybean Management and Research Technology) on-farm trials. In-furrow fertilizer increased soybean yields in two of 11 trials and decreased yields at one location. Starter fertilizer placed in a 2x2 band increased soybean yields in five of 14 trials and decreased yields at two of the sites. The potential for a positive yield response from starter fertilizer increases when phosphorus and potassium soil test levels are below the critical levels for these nutrients and cool or dry soil conditions occur after planting.

 

Foliar fertilization

 

Foliar fertilization has produced mixed results in hundreds of university trials conducted across the U.S. Due to producer interest, four foliar fertilizers (3-16-16, 3-18-18, 26-0-0 and 0-0-25-17) were evaluated in on-farm research trials conducted in Michigan. The 3-16-16 was evaluated at 27 locations and the 3-18-18 was evaluated at 24 locations in 2009 and 2010. The 26-0-0 was evaluated at 18 locations in 2011 and 2012. The 0-0-25-17 was evaluated at four locations in 2014. In all cases, the foliar fertilizer treatment was less profitable than the unfertilized control. Due to the low probability of an economic yield increase and the potential for experiencing decreased yields, foliar fertilization is not recommended unless visible manganese deficiency symptoms are expressed.

 

Nitrogen

 

Biological nitrogen fixation conducted by well-nodulated soybeans combined with nitrogen mineralized from soil organic matter provides sufficient nitrogen for optimum soybean production in most cases. Therefore, nitrogen fertilizer applications to soybeans are rarely profitable and are not recommended.

 

Coarse-textured soils are generally low in organic matter so very little soil nitrogen is mineralized and made available to the crop. The SMaRT project conducted two trials in 2011 and one trial in 2012 to determine if late-season nitrogen applications could be profitable on irrigated, coarse-textured soils. The cooperating farmers applied 21 pounds per acre of actual nitrogen at all sites. Nitrogen fertilizer did not significantly increase soybean yields in these high-yielding trials.

 

Phosphorus

 

Soybean yield responses to applied phosphorus (P) using any application method have not been consistently demonstrated and are not expected when Bray P1 phosphorus soil test levels exceed 15 parts per million (ppm). Maintenance levels of phosphorus fertilizer are required to keep phosphorus soil test levels between 15 and 30 ppm. For a 60 bushel per acre soybean crop, this is 48 pounds per acre of actual P205, 90 pounds per acre of MAP or 100 pounds per acre of DAP.

 

Potassium

 

Maintain soil test potassium (K) levels between the critical level and the maintenance limit (critical level + 30) to maximize soybean yield. The critical level is calculated by multiplying the cation exchange capacity (CEC) by 2.5 and adding 75. For example, the critical potassium level for a soil having a CEC of 12 milliequivalents (meq) per 100 grams is 105 ppm [(12 x 2.5) + 75] and the maintenance limit is 135 ppm.

 

Maintenance levels of potassium fertilizer should be applied to keep the potassium soil test level above the critical level. Soybeans remove 1.4 pounds of K2O per bushel per acre. Therefore, the maintenance application rate for a 60 bushel per acre soybean crop is 84 pounds of actual K2O or 140 pounds of 0-0-60 per acre. The maintenance application can be applied biannually in corn-soybean rotations produced on mineral soils under the following conditions: the fertilizer is applied prior to planting corn; the application rate accounts for the potassium removed by both crops; and the CEC is 6 meq per 100 grams or higher. When applying potassium fertilizer prior to planting soybeans, spring applications (two weeks prior to planting) are recommended over fall applications on coarse-textured soils having CECs less than 6 meq per 100 grams or organic soils to avoid leaching losses.

 

Sulfur

 

Due to declining atmospheric deposition, supplemental sulfur may be required to maximize soybean yields in Michigan. This is especially true in coarse-textured soils low in organic matter. Sulfur is required early in the season, therefore fertilizers should be applied prior to planting or in a 2x2 band at planting. Twenty pounds per acre of actual sulfur is sufficient to maximize soybean yields in broadcast applications. Do not apply more than 15 pounds per acre of actual sulfur in a 2x2 band at planting.

 

Boron

 

Soybeans are classified as having a low probability of responding to applied boron even on soils having low soil test levels. Despite the low probability of a response, university research trials conducted in other states have shown modest yield responses to applied boron in the absence of deficiency symptoms. However, we have not shown a yield response to applied boron fertilizer in SMaRT on-farm trials conducted in Michigan. Foliar boron applied at R1 was evaluated in six trials and granular boron applied prior to planting was evaluated in four trials. Boron is most likely to be deficient in coarse-textured soils, organic soils and lake bed soils having high pH levels.

 

Broadcasting 1 pound per acre of actual boron blended with potassium fertilizer two weeks prior to planting is the recommended method of applying boron if required. Boron can also be applied to the foliage during early bloom at a rate of 0.25 pound per acre. Broadcast rates should not exceed 2 pounds per acre, and foliar applications should not exceed 0.5 pound per acre to prevent crop injury.

 

Manganese

 

Manganese (Mn) deficiency is the most common nutrient deficiency seen in Michigan soybeans. Deficiency symptoms are likely on muck or dark-colored sands with pH levels above 5.8 and lakebed or out wash soils having pH levels above 6.5. Because increasing the available manganese levels in the soil is difficult, deficiency symptoms will reoccur in the same areas each year soybeans are grown. Broadcast applications are not recommended due to high soil fixation. Band application of chelated manganese is not recommended either due to high fertilizer costs. Foliar application of manganese sulfate at 1 to 2 pounds per acre of actual manganese is the most economical and effective method for correcting manganese deficiency. Apply 1 pound per acre of actual manganese when the first deficiency symptoms appear (6-inch tall plants) and apply another 1 to 2 pounds per acre in 10 days if deficiency symptoms reappear. Manganese sulfate should not be tank-mixed with glyphosate and the two products should be applied at least three days apart.

 

A SMaRT trial conducted at two locations in 2013 showed that manganese sulfate monohydrate fertilizer increased soybean yields by 1.9 bushels per acre over an EDTA chelate manganese fertilizer at highly responsive sites. Another SMaRT on-farm research trial conducted at two potentially responsive sites (lakebed soils with a pH of 7.4) in 2013 confirmed that manganese foliar fertilizer application in the absence of visible deficiency symptoms will not increase soybean yields.

 

Iron

 

Soybeans are highly responsive to iron, but visual deficiency symptoms are rarely seen in Michigan. Iron deficiency chlorosis is most likely to occur on calcareous lake bed soils having soil pH levels greater than 7.4. Consider selecting varieties that are tolerant of iron deficiency when growing soybeans on these soils. Additional research is required to determine if iron fertilizer applications or the use of iron deficiency chlorosis-tolerant varieties is beneficial in the absence of visual deficiency symptoms when soybeans are grown on calcareous lakebed soils.

 

Maintaining critical phosphorus and potassium soil test levels, managing soil pH in the optimum range and identifying and correcting manganese deficiency early are the keys to fertilizing soybeans in Michigan.