Plants have unique lock to control expression of genes, study finds

Purdue University scientists have discovered evidence that the repressive structures that plants use to keep genes turned off is built with a potential self-destruct switch. The findings offer insight into ways to control gene expression to alter plants’ characteristics.

Purdue University’s Joe Ogas led a study that showed how plants using repressive states to control gene expression can quickly and easily destroy that repressive state. The findings may be key to developing new ways to control plant gene expression.

Joe Ogas, associate professor and associate head of Purdue’s Department of Biochemistry, led the study, which included scientists from Purdue, the Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, and Emory University. Their findings were published in the journal The Plant Cell.

A number of labs have previously shown that plants can create a repressive state by placing an epigenetic mark on chromatin, the material used to create chromosomes. Proteins meant to transcribe, or turn on, genes ignore those genes with the epigenetic mark.

The researchers found that a variant of a histone - proteins that are the building blocks of chromatin - is present in chromatin with this repressive epigenetic mark. About 90 percent of the time the epigenetic mark, called H3K27me3, is present in a plant, the H2A histone has been replaced with a variant called H2A.Z.

“That histone variant and the epigenetic mark are both components of a lock that keeps a gene turned off. The inclusion of H2A.Z is interesting, however, because it’s potentially easier for the plant to blow up that lock,” Ogas said. “This isn't something we typically see in animals. Our data indicate that this combination is prevalent in plants and may contribute to a more dynamic expression state for the gene, potentially enabling rapid change."

Other proteins may recognize the H2A.Z histone and alter the properties of chromatin containing this variant. Ogas said that essentially takes the legs out from under H3K27me3, removing the mark and allowing the gene to be transcribed.

“This isn’t the only way that genes are turned on or off, but understanding this relationship between H2A.Z and H3K27me3 is likely to shed light on the mechanism of repression of many genes important to plant development,” said Ogas, whose work was done on the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana.

The findings are important for plant scientists and breeders who want to manipulate genetic expression in plants. For example, oil in soybeans is created only in the seeds, but it might be desirable to remove the epigenetic mark to allow for oil creation in other parts of the plant or in other types of plants.

“The inclusion of H2A.Z in this type of chromatin may contribute to the observed developmental flexibility of plants,” Ogas said. “If you’re going to build a stable expression state, it suggests constraints you need to take into consideration.”

The National Science Foundation, National Institutes of Health, Emory University, National Natural Science Foundation of China, National Kay R&D Program of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Cancer Institute supported this work.